Image circle and technical camera movement
As light passes through the lens, it forms an image circle at the imaging plane (where the film or sensor is placed).
The illumination is greatest at the image circle center and diminishes towards to edge of the field, eventually passing no light.
The "usable" portion of this illumination for purposes of imaging is generally referred to as the "image circle".
The size of the image circle varies according to the lens design and focusing distance. It is critical to match the size of this image circle to the imaging needs of the subject. It governs, among other things, the amount of camera movement that can be achieved at a given format size, focusing distance, and field-of-view. If the circle is not sufficiently large to accommodate all of these conditions, the result will be vignetting, or insufficient illumination on part of the subject or field.